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DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1275827
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Therapie der Hyponatriämie: neue Erkenntnisse und Kontroversen
Treatment of hyponatremia: new developments and controversiesPublication History
eingereicht: 20.10.2010
akzeptiert: 27.1.2011
Publication Date:
26 April 2011 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Die Behandlungsoptionen bei euvolämer Hyponatriämie waren lange Zeit begrenzt. Vasopressin- (ADH-) Rezeptor-Antagonisten, auch unter dem Namen Vaptane oder Aquaretika bekannt, sind eine neue Klasse von Medikamenten, welche nun eine zusätzliche kausale medikamentöse Therapieoption für hyponatriäme Patienten mit euvolämer Hyponatremia aufgrund eines SIADH bieten. Das in Europa zugelassene Tolvaptan antagonisiert nur die antiduretische Vasopressin-Wirkung ohne primär den Blutdruck zu beeinflussen. Es kommt dosisabhängig zur vermehrten Ausscheidung von freiem Wasser (Aquarese). Der primäre Einsatz muss in einem Krankenhaus erfolgen und eng überwacht werden. Die Schwere der neurologischen Symptomatik der Hyponatriämie sollte Richtschnur für die Wahl des therapeutischen Vorgehen sein. Bei der häufig vorkommenen euvolämen Hyponatriämie mit mittelschwerer Symptomatik und dem Vorliegen des Syndrom der inappropriaten ADH-Sekretion (SIADH) ist neben der Trinkmengenrestriktion der Einsatz von Tolvaptan zu erwägen. Bei sehr schwerer zerebraler Symptomatik aufgrund eines akuten Hirnödems ist hingegen weiterhin zügiges, aber symptomlimitiertes und eng kontrolliertes Vorgehen unter Einsatz von 3 %-iger Kochsalzlösung erforderlich. Differentialtherapeutisch stellt das neue Therapieprinzip der Aquaretika eine enorme Bereicherung der Behandlung der symptomatischen Hyponatriämie bei SIADH dar. In der überwiegenden Zahl der Fälle kann die kostenintensive Therapie nach Normalisierung von Serum-Natrium wieder beendet werden.
Abstract
This article summarizes improvements in diagnosis and therapy in patients with symptomatic hyponatremia. The available treatment options for hyponatremia have been limited, and consisted mainly of isotonic or hypertonic saline, urea, and fluid restriction. Vasopressin receptor antagonists, also known as vaptans or aquaretics are a new class of drugs that now offer an additional treatment option for hyponatremic patients with euvolemic hyponatremia due to SIADH in Europe. In short and long term studies, tolvaptane has been shown to be effective in raising serum sodium levels in a predictable fashion in patients with SIADH with only few side effects, when serum sodium was frequently monitored and dosage of tolvaptans was properly adjusted. Further studies are needed to find out which patients benefit from treatment with respect to morbidity and mortality. Until now, therapy is limited to the treatment of moderate symptomatic hyponatremia in SIADH due to the high cost of therapy.
Schlüsselwörter
Hyponatriämie - euvoläme Hyponatriämie - SIADH - Vaptane - Aquaretika - Tolvaptan - hyponatriämische Encephalopathie
Keywords
hyponatremia - euvolemic hyponatremia - SIADH - aquaretics - vaptans - Tolvaptan - hypertonic saline
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Prof. Dr. med. Johannes Hensen
Medizinische Klinik
Klinikum Nordstadt
Klinikum
Region Hannover
Haltenhoffstr. 41
30167 Hannover
Email: johannes.hensen@krh.eu